Details
Ganbaatar Khurelbaatar
Development of Soil-Willow-System for wastewater treatment and wood production under the extreme climate conditions of Mongolia
Band 35 der Schriftenreihe des Bauhaus-Instituts für zukunftsweisende Infrastruktursysteme (b.is).
17. Jahrgang 2016.
2016. Format B5. Hardcover. 154 Seiten. Zahlreiche Tabellen und Abbildungen, 25 davon farbig. ISBN 978-3-944101-61-3. Preis 38,00 Euro.
RHOMBOS-VERLAG, Berlin 2016
This research work was funded by the German Ministry of Education (BMBF) within the frame of the MoMo-II project (033L003A).
Gutachter:
Universitäts-Professor Dr.-Ing. Jörg Londong (Weimar)
Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Professur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft
http://www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/siwawi/home/_home.htm
Professor Dr. Dietrich Borchardt (Dresden)
https://www.ufz.de/index.php?de=39119
Professor Amgalan Jamsaran (Darkhan)
Herausgeber der Schriftenreihe:
Bauhaus-Institut für zukunftsweisende Infrastruktursysteme (b.is)
http://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/institute/bis/
Das Bauhaus-Institut für zukunftsweisende Infrastruktursysteme (b.is) verfolgt das Ziel, die Kooperation der beteiligten Professuren Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Biotechnologie in der Ressourcenwirtschaft und Urban Energie Systems zu intensivieren, um Lehr-, Forschungs- und Beratungssaufgaben auszubauen. So sind beispielsweise die Weiterentwicklung von Studiengängen, gemeinsame Doktorandenkolloquien oder gemeinsame Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufgaben angedacht.
Das b.is will sich deutlich sichtbar im Bereich der Infrastrukturforschung aufstellen. Die Forschung und Lehre in diesem Bereich orientiert sich am medienübergreifenden Modell der nachhaltigen Gestaltung von Stoff- und Energieflüssen, die verbindendes Konzept der Kernprofessuren des Instituts sind.
Dem b.is gehören an:
Professur Biotechnologie in der Ressourcenwirtschaft (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eckhard Kraft)
http://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/professuren/biotechnologie-in-der-ressourcenwirtschaft/
Professur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg Londong)
http://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/professuren/siedlungswasserwirtschaft/
Junior-Professur Urban Energy Systems
http://www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/energy/index.html
Professur Technologien urbaner Stoffstromnutzungen (Kommissarischer Leiter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg Londong)
http://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/professuren/technologien-urbaner-stoffstromnutzung/
Professur Verkehrssystemplanung (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe Plank-Wiedenbeck)
http://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/professuren/verkehrssystemplanung/
Honorarprofessor Dr.-Ing. U. Arnold
http://www.ahpkg.de/index.php?id=93
Summary and conclusion
The existing and already altering wastewater treatment plants in Mongolia face a number of challenges due to a combination of environmental, technical, and financial factors. The long cold winters in Mongolia limit the treatment performance of the conventional wastewater treatment plants, unless those are protected from the cold through housing and/ or additional heating, which are often associated with high investment and maintenance cost. Additionally, the existing treatment plants are already in very critical condition, requiring renovation or replacement. Therefore, a reliable, low cost treatment technology with low operation and maintenance requirement is needed, which is also compatible with the climatic conditions. A combination of land application of primary treated wastewater and short rotation coppice system (Soil-Willow-System) might be an attractive technology for Mongolian conditions. While land treatment systems are known for its robust and reliable treatment (Paranychianakis et al., 2006), the investment and O&M costs associated with the short rotation willow coppice for wastewater treatment are often lower compared to conventional technologies (Dimitrou and Aronsson, 2011; Rosenqvist et al., 1997).
These systems are typically operated for the treatment of secondary effluents in some regions of the world, including the cold temperate regions of North America (US-EPA, 1987) and the subarctic climate conditions of Sweden (Aronsson et al., 2010). However, very few studies have investigated the use of primary treated wastewater. Furthermore, no experiments have been conducted focusing on primary treated wastewater under Mongolian climatic conditions, which consists of long cold winters and short, hot summer.
In order to obtain the understandings of the mechanism involved in the removal of wastewater pollutants in the Soil-Willow-System, investigations were carried out on two pilot plants. A pilot plant, consisting of primary settling tank and four treatment beds was established at the Mongolian University of Science and Technology in Darkhan. Additionally, two pilot scale beds were established at the eco‑technology research site in Langenreichenbach, Germany. Water quality, biomass, and soil experiments were carried out at both pilot plants. The data obtained from two years of operation at the pilot plant in Mongolia and for two years of operation at the pilot plant in Germany was analyzed using a water and mass balance approach.
The results of the investigation demonstrated the beneficial effect of the application of primary treated wastewater on the survival and growth of domestic willow and poplar trees. Furthermore, the trees influenced the treatment performance by enhancing the mass removal rates for the pollutants associated with applied wastewater.
No negative changes in soil characteristics have been observed over the study period.
The results also presented that the Soil-Willow-System can be operated successfully, under different operational variations, such as hydraulic load and loading patterns. Depending on the amount of wastewater, land availability, financial condition, and environmental goals the Soil-Willow-System can be implemented under the regional conditions of Mongolia.
In General, the implementation of Willow‑Soil‑System could contribute to alleviate three main problems being faced in the region: a poor sanitary situation, water scarcity, and shortage of fire fuel. The high mass removal efficiencies that the Soil-Willow-Systems are able to reach might be a key to improve the existing sanitary situation in Mongolia. Wastewater application can be considered as a water reuse practice (irrigation) for the production of wood. This in turn contributes to reduce the water scarcity and shortage of firewood issues. The results of this study also demonstrated that different design options can be selected depending on site specific factors such as land availability, financial conditions, groundwater vulnerability, and the community’s interest. However, further experiments and research are to be carried out in order to scale‑up the systems for implementation in real conditions.
Table of content
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Statement of problem 1
1.2. Objectives 3
2. Literature review 5
2.1. Definition and categories 5
2.1.1. Land treatment 5
2.1.2. Short rotation coppice and short rotation forestry for wastewater treatment 5
2.2. Historical background 6
2.3. Removal processes 7
2.3.1. Organic matter removal 8
2.3.2. Nutrient removal 8
2.3.3. Pathogen removal 13
2.3.4. Metals and other wastewater constitutes 14
2.4. Effects on soil 15
2.4.1. Soil pH 15
2.4.2. Soil salinity 16
2.4.3. Soil sodicity (Sodium Adsorption Ratio SAR) 17
2.4.4. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil permeability, and clogging 17
2.4.5. Soil nutrients 18
2.5. Willow and Poplar wood properties and biomass yield 19
2.6. Soil‐Willow‐System under cold climate (Influence of cold climate) 20
2.7. Conclusion on basis of the literature review 22
3. Materials and methods 25
3.1. Introduction 25
3.2. Pilot plant in Darkhan, Mongolia 25
3.2.1. The components of the pilot plant 26
3.2.2. Experimental design 30
3.2.3. Sampling and analysis 31
3.3. Pilot plant in Langenreichenbach, Germany 37
3.3.1. Experimental design 38
3.3.2. Sampling and analysis 40
3.4. Mass balance approach 43
3.4.1. Water balance 44
3.4.2. Mass removal rate 46
3.4.3. Mass balance analysis 47
3.5. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 52
3.5.1. Pump calibration 52
3.5.2. Tipping bucket calibration 52
3.6. Possible source of errors 52
3.6.1. Pilot Plant Darkhan 53
3.6.2. Pilot Plant Langenreichenbach (LRB) 55
3.6.3. Biomass analysis 55
4, Results and discussion 57
4.1. Pilot plant Darkhan 57
4.1.1. Water balance 57
4.1.2. Pretreatment 59
4.1.3. Mass removal rate 60
4.1.4. Tree growth and biomass yield 65
4.1.5. Soil 70
4.2. Pilot plant Langenreichenbach 76
4.2.1. Water balance 76
4.2.2. Pretreatment 78
4.2.3. Mass removal rate 79
4.2.4. Biomass yield 84
4.2.5. Soil 86
4.3. Research Questions 91
4.3.1. Research Question 1 (RQ‐1): The influence of trees 91
4.3.2. Research Question 2 (RQ‐2): The influence of hydraulic loading rate 94
4.3.3. Research Question 3 (RQ‐3): The influence of seasonal loading pattern 98
4.3.4. Research Question 4 (RQ‐4): The influence of weekly loading pattern 101
4.3.5. Research Question 5 (RQ‐5): The influence of daily loading pattern 103
4.4. Design recommendation 106
4.5. Key findings 109
Zusatzinformation
Gewicht | 500 |
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Lieferzeit | 2-3 Tage |
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